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radiometrix ltd page 1 m48a-458-sfx2 modem manual figure 1: m48-458-sfx 2 the m48a is a simple, half duplex, transparent data link device. it provides a basic 4800 baud rs232 compatible path without the user needing to format, code, detect or otherwise worry about modifying his existing datastream or providing extra 'control' lines . the user interface datarate, addresses and operating parameters can all be easily re-programmed via the serial port. it ought to be emphasised that the m48a is a very simple, easy to use, device. as s upplied, it operates as a 4800 baud, transparent half-duplex data link. if requir ed, there is an extensive range of programming options, allowing user interface speed from 1200 to 76800 baud, hardware flow control, one to one, one to many and broadcast addressing options, and acknowledge/re-t ransmit error handling protocols. simple store and forward repeater operation is also provided. a good demonstration can be had by connecting a pair of pc s by their serial ports and a null-modem cable, and setting up terminal emulators (4800 baud, asynchr onous, local echo on) on both computers. confirm that good rs232 communication is present, and then replac e the cable with a pair of m48a modems. the resulting 'radio teletype' can be entertaining to play with. features ?? usable range over 3km ?? +27dbm (500mw) rf power output ?? 255 serial select channels ?? 5kbps pulse duration coded protocol ?? synchronisation codes and checksum to reduce false triggering on noise ?? programmable transmit address and four receive addresses ?? programmable timing parameters (preamble length, etc) ?? programmable auxiliary serial out put (to program radio modules) ?? programmable serial modem baud rate (1200 - 76800 bps, half-duplex) ?? addressable point-to-point and point to multi point ?? packet acknowledge/resend (ack) mode ?? store and forward repeater function the M48-458-SFX2 presents m48 modem ic combined with a sfx2 radio module and suitable interface circuits, power supplies, connectors to p rovide a complete rs232 radio modem interface. optionally, the board can be housed in an eas80 extruded aluminium housing. in the simplest case, a p air of these units (with suitable aerials and power supplies connected, of course) can be connected directly to the serial ports of a pair of industrial pcs and the resulting wireless data link used without any further installation or programming. 500mw uhf nbfm multi channel rs232 radio modem issue 1, 07 october 2013 hartcran house, 231 kenton lane, harrow, middlesex, ha3 8rp, england tel: +44 (0) 20 8909 9595, fax: +44 (0) 20 8909 2233, www.radiometrix.com M48-458-SFX2
radiometrix ltd page 2 m48a-458-sfx2 modem manual user interface 1 5 9 figure 2: db9f rs232 connector pin arrangement pin description pin name i/o function 1 rx_flow out rs232 'dcd' output. active (+ve level) when data is present in rx buffer 2 rxd out rs232 'rxd' data out 3 txd in rs232 'txd' data in 4 rx_hold in rs232 'dtr' input. ta ke -ve to interrupt rx data output 5 0v - ground 6 enable in rs232 'dsr' pull low to enable unit. (internal 20k pullup to vraw) 7 n/c - (rts pin on standard rs232) 8 tx_flow out rs232 'cts' output. active (+ve level) when the tx buffer is nearly full 9 +5v out out regulated supply output. 500ma max. (switched by pin 6) jumpers lk 1. link to hold unit permanently on (disables pin 6 switching) lk 2. link to enable rx dataflow inhibit (dtr) input. as supplied, lk1 is linked power this is a 2.1mm power connector. center pin is positive. supply requirements are: 6v-15v dc normal operation notes: 1. all input pins will tolerate true +/- rs232 levels. no buffering is required. 2. the modem provides a half duplex link: provi ded no two devices attempt to transmit at one time (a 'high' on rx_flow may be used as a primitive 'other user on channel' indication) no further restrictions on data transmission need be made, as a ll transmit timing, valid data identification and datastream buffering is conducted by the unit. ther e is no 'transmit enable' pin. sync and framing words in the packet prevent the receiver outputti ng garbage in the absence of signal or presence of interference 3. if the user interface rate has been set to greater than 4800 baud, then t he modem cannot empty the 128 byte tx data buffer as quickly as the user can fill it. in this case it is either necessary to limit the average data throughput, or to monitor the tx_flo w (cts) output, and interrupt the dataflow when this pin signals a full buffer. tx_flow activates when the buffer is 3/4 full, and deactivates when it is empty 4. a fairly complex addressing structure is included in the datastream. units have four independent (or'ed) receive addresses and a separate transmit addr ess. (all units are supplied set to tx address =1, rx addr1 = 0, rx addr2-4 = 1) note: for details relating to the radio module fitted on board, see sfx2 datasheet http://www.radiometrix.com/files/additional/sfx2.pdf
radiometrix ltd page 3 m48a-458-sfx2 modem manual condensed specifications frequency 458.5 - 459.1mhz uk band other uhf frequencies available on request frequency stability ? 1.5khz channel spacing 25khz number of channels 1 of 255 user programmed supply voltage 6v - 15v dc current 400ma (max) transmit with rs232 serial port connection 43ma receive / idle 53ma receive / idle with rs232 serial port connection operating temperature -20 to +70 c (storage -30 to +80 c) size board version: 80 x 56 x 18mm (excluding connectors) eas version: 83 x 64 x 30mm (excluding connectors) (case is an eas80, silv er from evatron) spurious radiations compliant with en 300 220-1 interface user 9 pin db9f socket power 2.1mm connector rf sma indicators transmitting (red led) intended approval etsi en300 220-2, en 301 489-3 transmitter output power 500mw (+27dbm) ? 1db tx on switching time 5ms (from txe transition) modulation type fsk (f3d) deviation ? 3khz adjacent channel tx power -37dbm tx spurii compliant with etsi en 300 220-3 and en 301 489-3 inputs data (cmos/ttl compatible) receiver sensitivity -113dbm for 0.1% data error image / spurious >70db blocking -85db or better adjacent channel -65 db modem baud rate 4800 baud (transparent, half duplex) format 1 start, 8 data, 1 stop, no parity radio channel data rate 5.1kbps peak (maximum transmitted frequency: 3.2khz) coding variable period phase coded packet length 1-16 bytes addressing 1 of 254, user programmed. multiple rx addresses buffers 128 byte tx, 64 byte rx flow control cts, dcd and dtr
radiometrix ltd page 4 m48a-458-sfx2 modem manual application information what can you do with an m48a ? the m48a is a 4800 baud radio modem, compatible with narrowband radios. just a faster i1200, or a simpler rpm1 ? ....... not quite. what does an m48a do ? in the simplest possible sense, the m48a is just a radio modem baseband device. it provides an interface between a user's asynchronous (?rs232 type?) serial port and the audio channel of a low power radio module. the m48 will transparently handle a half duplex seri al stream at 4800 baud, buffering framing and coding the data into a baseband signal that a narrowband wi reless module can handle. at the receive end it decodes the audio signal back into serial data. the timi ng requirements of the radio are allowed for with internal fifo buffers, while the noisy imperfect radio baseband path is hidden from the user behind s/n efficient bit coding and data packetisation, wi th frame synchronisation and a crc error detection protocol. the interface an m48 can be used with just two serial data lines (t xd, rxd). in many applications that is sufficient. if data is being sent in both directions (half-duplex) how ever, it is necessary to allow for the turnaround time (transmit to receive or vice versa) as the m48 cannot handle trans mit data input while it is decoding receive data. (also, in advanced modes, such as when user interface data rate is higher than 4800 baud (see later), then transmit data hand-shaking is needed) in these cases it is useful to have more informat ion as to the status and timings of the link. the m48 provides additional 'handshaking' lines: rx flow. goes 'high' when the device has va lid data to output (?dtr? out) tx flow. high when the transmit buffer is ? full, low when empty (?cts? out) rx hold. when pulled low, prevents dev ice from outputting data (?rts? in) buffers as alluded to earlier, data into and out of the m48 is buffered through a pair of small fifos. on the transmit path a 128 byte buffer is used, while on rece ive a 64 byte buffer is implemented. these buffers actually occupy the same memory space on-chip, so the part cannot receive and output serial data . transmit operations will always over-ride receive. a byte sent to the device will clear the receive buffer, even if it contains valid data. (an algorithm which reads the 'rx flow' signal can prevent this occurring) in simple, transparent mode these bu ffers are invisible to the user. speed in normal usage the m48 uses a 19.6608mhz cr ystal for a basic 4800 baud transparent throughput. however, elementary communication theory tells us that ultimate range and s/n performance (sensitivity) relates to bandwidth, and hence data rate. in applications where ultimate range matters more than a fast data path the m48 can be fitted with slower clock crystals. in these cases the fundam ental link data rate is reduced (and other timing parameters scaled accordingly) but the link range will be increased. crystal frequency 19.6608mhz data rate 4800 baud sensitivity +0db 9.8304mhz data rate 2400 baud sensitivity +3db 4.9152mhz data rate 1200 baud sensitivity +5db 2.4576mhz data rate 600 baud sensitivity +7db [ slower clock frequencies will also allow operation on lower power supply voltages than the basic +5v normally specified, see microchip pic16f 648a data sheet for more information ]
radiometrix ltd page 5 m48a-458-sfx2 modem manual radio interface the raison d'tre of the m48 device is to insulate t he user from the peculiarities and limitations of the radio module's audio path. while a detailed analysis of the over-the-link signals is not intended, a basic overview may be useful: three signals connect the modem chip to the radio: tones_out, tones_in and n_txe. all are digital levels (so connection must be made to the digital baseband pins of the radio, not the low level analogue connections). at the bit-level the radio link signal generated by the m48 is a proprietary biphase (synchronous) bitstream with a maximum frequency component of 3.2khz. there is a pseudo-random data whitening function applied to the data, but the code still does not have a perfect 50:50 mark space balance, so should be considered a dc coupled signal. at the re ceiver end a conventional averaging data extractor will function but a quasi-dc coupled (peak detecting) type, such as the radiometrix qr96, will give optimum performance. the data stream is further formatted into packe ts. each packet contains a framing sequence, address and status information, a crc and 1- 16 data payload bytes. transmitter on-time delay is allowed for by the addition of a preamble sequence, while duri ng continuous data transmission the packets are transmitted end-to-end. [ unless otherwise programmed, all units send on address 1 and receive on address 0 (broadcast) and address 1 ] m48 also has an auxiliary serial output (only) pin, whic h is used to allow the user to send serial programming strings to the associated r adio module through the device. programming the m48a in the simplest case an m48 can be used 'as supplied' as a straight forward transparent data link. there are, however, a number of further options and features which require the user to program parameters into the device. normal transparent data mode is referred to as 'data' mode. to program the device, it is necessary for it to be in 'setup' mode. the device is programmed through the rs232 port (without needing extra 'pgm mode' switching pins or extra hardware). the command set uses simple readable ascii words, and decimal or hex numbers. all commands are in upper case. when in setup mode the usual radio data communication functions are suspended, but limited one-packet-at-a-time non-transparent operation is possible, via special commands. the setup mode is activated by means of a 'break / respond' protocol figure 3: m48 setup mode screen output to st ate command when acknowledgement mode is enabled entering setup : user generates a 'break' (long 'space' condition) m48 sends two characters, an @ and a random printable ascii character user sends back the random character m48 replies with a login message ?m48 setup? and enters setup mode there is a 5 second timeout following the break within which the response must be sent , or the device reverts to data mode. an ascii 1 (ctrl a) resets the timeout and generates a new @ and random character sequence.
radiometrix ltd page 6 m48a-458-sfx2 modem manual [ 'break' conditions can be generated in several ways. some terminal emulators have alt or ctrl key sequence. dedicated hardware can be used to force a long (50-100ms) logic zero onto the txd pin. or an ascii zero can be sent at a much lower baud-rate ] once in setup mode, input bytes are stored in a 32 byte (maximum) command buffer and echoed back to the serial output. space characters are echoed back, but are not loaded into the buffer. commands are either short words or single command char acters. (for example, a character is the evaluate/process command). after su ccessful execution of a command t he device will reply with an 'ok' message. commands which program a value into the internal non-volatile e2prom take around 50ms for the write cycle, the unit will only respond to certain command strings: upper case characters are used for all commands spaces are echoed, but are ignored by the parser single character command commands ascii function enter 13 processes the input buffer contents (and clears the buffer) escape 27 terminates setup mode and returns to normal 'data' operation ? 63 prints the current contents of the command buffer / 47 (as above) - 54 shortcut for the state command (see later) & 38 shortcut for the rx command delete 127 clears the input buffer general commands commands function default the unit self-reprograms with all or iginal factory preset values state prints out the current operating parameters (a single minus sign, ascii 54, does the same) lock the unit now defaults to setup (rather than data) mode on power up exit return to data mode (same effect as an escape (ascii 27) byte) if a lock command is in force, an escape by te has no effect, but exit overrides lock test turns on the transmitter, and outputs a continuous 200hz tone this mode is disabled by any activity on the txd input rx turn on the receiver/decoder (as if in data mode) and output received packets as normal this mode is disabled, and command mode re-ent ered, by any activity on the txd input baud rate commands as supplied, the main interface is se t to 4800 baud, and the auxiliary port to 2400 baud . commands function notes baud b1 set main port baud rate b1, b2 are baud rates baux b2 set aux port baud rate only the first two digits are needed, i.e. baud 12 is valid main port (b1) supports 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, 19200, 38400, 57600, 76800 aux port (b2) supports 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600 only these setup parameters are immediately stored in e2pr om, and take effect right away. remember that baud rate scales with changes in crystal frequency (for example, if a 4.9152mhz crystal is fitted then baud 2400 will set a baud rate of 600). when the interface baud rate is higher than the (4800 baud nominal) radio link interfac e speed, the system is no longer truly transparent. as the modem is removing bytes from the buffer slower than the user interface is supplying them, it is possible to over-fill the buffer and lo se data, unless the user carefully controls the timing of the data stream or uses the tx_flow signal. this pin allows the status of the transmit buffer to be monitored. it begins low. it goes high when the buffer reaches ? full, and is then re-set (to low) when the buffer is empty again. it can be used to provide a simple 'cts' signal. [ it is possible to 'lose track' of the baud rate of a unit while manually programming it. in this case an easy
radiometrix ltd page 7 m48a-458-sfx2 modem manual way of 'finding' the speed can be used: a byte should be sent to the device at each of the valid baud rates, and the echoed character monitored. only at t he correct rate will a correct echo be seen ] timing commands commands function delay dd set the initial delay between first by te arrival and transmit start (5ms default) pream pp set the number of (620us long) pr eamble bits (17 bits / 10ms default) txoff oo set the tx ramp-down period (5ms default) note : variables dd, pp and oo are all two digit hexadecimal values (00 to ff). these timing parameters are immediately stored in eeprom, and take effect right away. the timing commands directly affect the way the modem device controls the radio module. beware! if they are set incorrectly then data errors or unreliable operation will result. the default settings are a safe, conservative setup fo r a typical 50ms set-up time multi-channel transceiver. for faster (usually single channel) radios the pream value can be reduced. do not reduce this parameter too far, as it must deal with the settling times of the receiver data recovery circuit as well as the transmitter turn-on time. the delay and txoff parameters are primarily concer ned with optimum channel usage with intermittent user data streams. delay is a duration between first byte received (into an empty buffer) and the transmitter key-up, while txoff holds the trans mitter on after a packet has finished sending. if a user is controlling their serial data stream mo re closely, and sending data in discrete, well organised bursts, then delay and txoff can be set to zero. addressing the m48 data packet includes an address byte. it will only communicate with a unit set to the same address. there are four receive addresses (of which adr1 is usually set to zero as a 'broadcast' mode) and a separate transmit address. multiple receive addresses can be useful for mult iple node systems, and for setting up simple (manual routing) repeater networks commands function adr1 aa set receiver address 1 adr2 aa set receiver address 2 adr3 aa set receiver address 3 adr4 aa set receiver address 4 adtx aa set transmitter address addr aa set rx address 1 to zero and set tx address and rx addresses 2, 3 and 4 to a notes : 1. aa is a two digit hexadecimal value (00 to fe). address ff (255) is not permitted. 2. address commands write to volatile memory. to transfer programmed addresses to the power-up settings, the prom command must be used. 3. as supplied: adr1 is zero, and adr2, adr 3, adr4 and tx address are all set to 1. mode commands beyond it's usual 'transparent data' mode, the m48 can also operate in an 'extended' mode. in this case the maximum packet size is reduced from 16 bytes to 14, and a 'burst identifier' word is included (obviously this slightly reduces overall throughput). on transmit, a different burst identif ier is attached to each new packet. the receiving unit ignores the second (and subsequent) packet with the same identifier. this a llows a receiving m48 to ignore multiple copies of the same data packet (as will be encountered in mult iple transmission or repeater/network systems) commands function mext extended mode (burst id on, multip le transmissions set by tries) akn the unit now operates in acknowledge/resend (extended) mode tries rr number of transmissions attemp ts allowed in akn and mext modes timeout tt duration of akn resend timeout (tt x 0.41ms) staf operate as a store and forward repeater (with mext set, or not)
radiometrix ltd page 8 m48a-458-sfx2 modem manual notes : variables rr and tt are all two digi t hexadecimal values (00 to ff) extended mode (mext) is used with repeater systems. with tries set to two or more, this mode sends each packet several times (increasing the chance of reception at extreme range). lastly, the m48 has an ' akn/re-transmi t ' mode. in this case, after each packet is sent, the receiving unit sends back an knowledge message. if this message is not successfully decoded, at the transmitting end, it will re-send the packet. the knowledge timeout period and the number of permitted re-tries are both user programmable. [ do not use akn mode with staf repeaters. timing conflicts occur ] akn mode provides the greatest data transfer reliab ility, although the overall data throughput is markedly reduced. commands function norm the unit returns to standard, transparent mode prom writes the current volatile settings (addresses and operating modes) into the e2prom as the new power-on settings default the unit self-reprograms with all or iginal factory preset values diag enter a diagnostic mode, where the address, length, checksum and decoder status byte for every received burst are printed additional info on the m48 diag mode takes effect when returning to data mode (an exit or command) the unit then does not output the received data burst. instead, it outputs a status line whenev er any valid m48 packet is received a:xx l:ll c:cc f:ff where, xx destination address of the burst || length of the burst data payload (minus one) cc checksum byte value ff is a function byte, s howing the status of the receiver decoder (ff=07 indicates a correct address and checksum match) diag mode is deactivated by either re-entering se tup mode and executing a norm command, or by power- on-reset string commands there are a series of special commands which allow whole strings of characters to be sent via the transmitter, or the auxiliary serial port (usually connected to the radio module programming input) auxiliary port output operations square brackets (ascii 91, 93) delineate the string. serial data routed to the aux pin [ (1-30 byte data string) ] ou tputs the text string between the [ ] characters [ (1-30 byte data string) as above, but with an added cr (13) appended to the end of the outputted string command mode transmit operations $ (length byte) (1-16 byte data string) ( note: $ is ascii 36 ) this function output a data packet to the transmitter, then returns to setup mode. the (length byte) is a single hex character. it sets the length of a transient data buffer, the actual buffer length is one more than the va lue of the length byte, so 0-f corresponds to a buffer between 1 and 16 bytes long the (data string) is a string of bytes equal in number to (length+1) after the length byte, the m48 sends back a colon character (ascii 58) when the final byte is received, the m odem goes into transmit, and sends the packet.
radiometrix ltd page 9 m48a-458-sfx2 modem manual by careful use of the & and $ command bytes, the m 48 can be used in a non-transparent mode, without ever leaving command mode. this is especially useful for the master node in point to multi-point operation. timings the data throughput of the m48a is limited by the radi o path. in continuously st reaming (transparent) mode a baud rate of 4800 baud is supported wi thout any buffer overflows. byte latency is influenced by the switching perfo rmance of the radio (and the programmed delay and pream values). in default mode (5ms delay, 10ms preamble) the single byte in to out latency is of the order of 29ms (5+10+14ms burst length and processing delays) although in streaming data this is reduced to around 30ms figure 4: sfx2 outputting character ?a? (s ingle byte) received from another sfx2 transmit start delay: (delay) this is the provision of a time delay between the arriva l of the first byte in the buffer and the start of the modem start up process. this would be zero for singl e bytes or for continuous streamed data (to minimise latency) but for short bursts should be set approximat ely equal to the length of the data sequence (to ensure all bytes are in the buffer before the modem begins formatting the data packet) preamble length: (pream) the amount of time allowed by the modem for the rf link hardware to stabilise, before real data is passed over the path. this parameter is critical to correct oper ation: set it too short and the link will fail entirely, too long and the transmit bursts will be lengthened un-necessa rily. m48a formats the packet before preamble starts, hence the transmit delay needs to be long enough on it?s own. transmit off timer (txoff) this adds an extra delay to the end of a packet before a new transmission is allow ed to commence. it is only really useful in bidirectional sy stems running sporadic data streams, w here it may be necessary to inhibit transmission until a distant node has ?replied? to a data burst, or in systems employing store and forward repeaters, where it gives time for the repeater node to go through it?s own packet transmit cycle before the next packet is sent (without imposing an increased initial latency, which would occur if a longer transmit start delay was used for the same purpose) taking the (small amount of) extra time to set the ti ming parameters to a best match for the user?s data format and throughput will greatly improve the behaviour of the link, and will reap real benefits in terms of reduced burst lengths, and hence improved pow er consumption and spectrum usage. if radio switching times are faster, then the preamble duration and the tx off delay can be reduced (crystal controlled radios such as nim2 work well with 15ms of preamble, 5ms tx off) and latency falls to around 40ms
radiometrix ltd page 10 m48a-458-sfx2 modem manual figure 5: sfx2 breaks 21 bytes into two radio packet transmissions in akn mode, the switching speed of the radi os, and the time absorbed in sending and decoding the acknowledge burst dominate the data throughput. the a cknowledge in itself requires only 20ms, but the requirement to switch both radios between receiv e and transmit (to send the data packet, and then the akn packet) adds a significant overhead. figure 6: sfx2 transmits back akn for each of the two radio packets reducing throughput to 1600 baud referring to the default timing setup this results in 21 byte packet takes 134ms, and a peak data throughput of only 1600 baud, although if radios with faster switch ing performance are used then this is significantly increased. (with nim2 or bim1 radios, the pr eamble duration can be significantly reduced, and an acknowledged mode data rate of well over 1200 baud is achievable) unless only short data bursts are used, we recommend t he use of cts flow control if akn is selected
radiometrix ltd page 11 m48a-458-sfx2 modem manual rs485 to rs232 adaptor figure 3: rs485 to rs232 adaptor connections m48 applications board can be supplied with rs232 db 9f, 2.1mm dc jack connectors replaced with 3-wire rs485 to rs232 adaptor and power terminal blocks. http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/ds3695.pdf jumper link jp13 is provided for 120 ? termination. usb-rs485-we-1800-bt adaptor cable can be used to evaluate m48 rs485 application board on a pc/laptop running tera term pro or hyperterminal term inal emulation program via virtual com serial port. http://www.ftdichip.com/pr oducts/cables/usbrs485.htm http://www.hilgraeve.com/hyperterminal/ figure 4: rs485 to rs232 adaptor schematic
radiometrix ltd page 12 m48a-458-sfx2 modem manual ordering information part no. description frequency band M48-458-SFX2 rs232 modem as oem board ch0: 458.525 ? ch23: 459.100mhz M48-458-SFX2-eas rs232 modem in extrusion case ch0: 458.525 ? ch23: 459.100mhz M48-458-SFX2-rs485 rs485 modem as oe m board ch0: 458.525 ? ch23: 459.100mhz M48-458-SFX2-rs485-eas rs232 modem in extr usion case ch0: 458.525 ? ch23: 459.100mhz
radiometrix ltd hartcran house 231 kenton lane harrow, middlesex ha3 8rp england tel: +44 (0) 20 8909 9595 fax: +44 (0) 20 8909 2233 sales@radiometrix.com www.radiometrix.com copyright notice this product data sheet is the orig inal work and copyrighted property of radiometrix ltd. reproduction in whole or in part must give clear a cknowledgement to the copyright owner. limitation of liability the information furnished by radiometrix ltd is be lieved to be accurate and reliable. radiometrix ltd reserves the right to make changes or improvements in the design, specification or manufacture of its subassembly products without notice. radiometrix lt d does not assume any liability arising from the application or use of any product or circuit described herein, nor for any infri ngements of patents or other rights of third parties which may result from the us e of its products. this data sheet neither states nor implies warranty of any kind, including fitness for any particular application. these radio devices may be subject to radio interference and may not function as intended if interference is present. we do not recommend their use for life critical applications. the intrastat commodity code for all our modules is: 8542 6000. r&tte directive after 7 april 2001 the manufacturer can only place fini shed product on the market under the provisions of the r&tte directive. equipment within the scope of the r&tte di rective may demonstrate compliance to the essential requirements specified in article 3 of the directive, as appropriate to the particular equipment. further details are available on the office of communications (ofcom) web site: http://www.ofcom.org.uk/ information requests ofcom riverside house 2a southwark bridge road london se1 9ha tel: +44 (0)300 123 3333 or 020 7981 3040 fax: +44 (0)20 7981 3333 information.requests@ofcom.org.uk european communications office (eco) peblingehus nansensgade 19 dk 1366 copenhagen tel. +45 33896300 fax +45 33896330 ero@ero.dk www.ero.dk

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